The United States is cracking down on the sale and purchase of ivory in hopes of curbing illicit poaching that’s threatening to wipe out elephants and other species in Africa.
The ivory ban is a key component of a new, national strategy for combating wildlife trafficking, unveiled Tuesday by the White House, seven months after President Barack Obama issued a call to action during a visit to Tanzania. In addition to the ivory ban, the U.S. will seek to strengthen global enforcement and international cooperation to fight an illicit trade estimated to total about $10 billion per year.
“We’re seeing record-high demand for wildlife products,” said Grant Harris, who heads Africa policy for the White House’s National Security Council. “The result is an explosion of illicit trade and wildlife trafficking in recent years.”
Wildlife advocates are concerned that without forceful global action, elephants and rhinos face extinction. Once numbering in the millions, Africa’s elephant population has dwindled to 500,000 or less, and nearly 10 percent of the remaining population is being slaughtered each year, said Dan Ash, the director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
The illicit industry also has significant national security implications. Because wildlife trafficking is often perpetrated by well-armed syndicates that thrive in regions with weak laws and porous borders, U.S. security officials say it poses a global security threat, just as the U.S. is seeking to combat growing extremism and violence in parts of Africa.
Importing ivory into the U.S. has been illegal for decades, with a few exceptions. But once the ivory is in the country, domestic transactions have been essentially unregulated. That means someone who placed an ivory chess set for sale on eBay, for example, faced little risk of running afoul of law enforcement – even if they lacked proof the item met one of the exceptions, such as being an antique.
“This legal trade has essentially provided a smoke-screen that makes it possible for this illicit trade and has made it more difficult for our enforcement officials to ferret out that crime and then prosecute that crime,” Ash said in an interview.
Under the new strategy, if someone is caught trying to sell ivory items, the government will confiscate them unless sellers can provide documentation that they are legal. Sales across state lines will be banned except for antiques – items more than 100 years old. Sales within states will also be prohibited unless sellers can show they were brought into the U.S. before laws barring their import were put into effect.
“For consumers, the general message going forward is buyer beware,” Ash said.
Despite the exceptions, officials said they were confident that the crackdown would result in almost a complete ban on ivory sales. The idea is that by setting a strict example, the U.S. can spur other countries to take similar steps, driving down global demand for wildlife products and putting traffickers out of business.
Late last year, U.S. officials destroyed more than 6 tons of confiscated ivory tusks, carvings and jewelry. Last week, France followed suit by pulverizing more than 3 tons of illegal ivory, and other nations including Gabon and China have taken similar steps.
U.S. demand for wildlife products is surpassed only by China, where the market price for ivory is more than $1,000 a pound and has increased significantly, according to the World Wildlife Fund.
“The president and Congress have sent an unequivocal message to the rest of the world: The U.S. will no longer tolerate the massive and senseless slaughter of wildlife or the colossal criminal profits that it generates,” said Carter Roberts, the group’s president.
Still, the Fish and Wildlife Service won’t seek to prosecute individuals, such as those who try to sell ivory trinkets they inherited from their parents, Ash said. Instead, the agency will target its law enforcement efforts toward organized trafficking rings that profit from the illicit trade.
Last year, the government launched a sting dubbed “Operation Crash” that targeted an international smuggling ring trafficking in endangered black rhino horns.
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